In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with J Neurosci. Bioelectromagnetics. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Annu Rev Physiol. Article Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Google Scholar. 2013;34:26474. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Merola et al. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Biochem J. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. 2008;29:52738. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Wang et al. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. PubMed 1994;15:95104. Cookies policy. 2012;3:3440. Nature. 2006;27:295306. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. 2006;79:13140. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Neurosci Lett. 2013;73:4737. J Med Food. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. J Neurosci Methods. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. Cassel et al. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. 2011;343:5224. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. 2006;165:63644. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged These conclusions are presented in Table2. Synapse. Wang et al. Im HI, Kenny PJ. 2000;6:18793. J Mol Neurosci. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. [84] and Sharma et al. Part of [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. PubMed Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Google Scholar. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. J Natl Cancer Inst. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. 2014;9:e95503. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. 2007;27:6024. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. 2012;25:1828. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. 1997;44:99104. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. 2005;130:591600. Joubert et al. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). 1984;5:6370. 2000;284:30017. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Bioelectromagnetics. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. PubMed Central The conclusions are shown in Table3. 2015;28:1324. 2006;27:16471. Google Scholar. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Behav Brain Res. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 2007;210:63544. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . daily life. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. 2008;169:3845. 2013;89:11007. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Fragopoulou et al. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Electromagn Biol Med. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. Xu et al. Bioelectromagnetics. 1992;49:1818. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Article Neuroreport. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Bioelectromagnetics. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Exp Neurobiol. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. 1992;6:379. CAS The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. 2012;112:1715. Wang et al. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2015;51:15865. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. J Neuro. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Brain Res Rev. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. 2010;28:445. 1988;9:33745. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. PubMed Additionally, Larjabaara et al. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Int J Radiat Biol. 1993;13:41322. Mil Med Sci. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. Wang et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure.
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